Frequently Asked Questions

1Why do I need mastering?
Mastering has been used for many years to solve and correct various sound issues on recordings prior to their final release. Good mastering allows your project to compete in the world market in terms of loudness and clarity, while preserving the sonic integrity of the original recording. Good mastering should enhance and bring out the best in your recording. It also should make your music sound more consistent on all types of playback devices (car, home, clubs, portable devices with earbuds, etc.). A properly prepared master should be in the correct format that manufacturers, download and streaming services need.
2Why Tiki and analog mastering?
Fred has years of experience. He embraces a high quality, analog signal path in his mastering chain because it simply sounds great. It’s a blend of old and new school techniques. You can count on him to deliver a product that is accurate and conforms to the proper specifications. Fred thinks it’s a difference you can really hear, and feel!
3How long will the mastering take?
Typically, the turnaround time is 1-2 weeks, but could be less depending on the workload
4How do I pay?
You pay when you submit your order on the order page, we accept all major credit cards through PayPal. After payment is made, the next step is to upload your files to me.
5How do I upload my files to you?
  1. After you have completed and paid for your order, paypal will redirect you back to our Upload page. If you’ve made payment, but are not ready to upload, you can always upload your files any time. Go to My Account/My Orders.
  2. To upload your files, click on the “wetransfer” upload files link This will allow you to locate your audio files on your computer. Follow their instructions. You will get an email order confirmation, and upload complete confirmation. Please avoid using special characters in your file names. (\ / “ ? @ # $ % ^ & * ! ) Hyphens are ok, as are file extensions.
6How should I prepare my files for you?

Your files should be cleaned, head and tail, the way you want them to sound on the record. For example: If you don’t want a count off, edit it out. I suggest wearing headphones to hear the fade outs for abrupt cut offs, smoothness and noises. Please avoid using any equalization and compression.

Acceptable formats: 44.1K, 48K, 88.2K, 96K, 16 bit, 24 bit, 32 bit, AIFF, WAV. Sending MP3 files should be last resort. Please contact me about sending reel to reel formats, and tape baking. (1/4 and 1/2 inch).

Please avoid using special characters in your file names. (\ / “ ? @ # $ % ^ & * ! ) Hyphens are ok, as are file extensions.

7How do you send me the final product?

I will transfer a DDP file, and or separate audio files to you electronically.

You will receive an email with a download link containing the actual DDP master file, along with a DDP Player file that can be played on a Mac or PC. Simply un-zip and play the file on your mac or PC. Follow the enclosed instructions on how to play the DDP file in order to check it through.

Prior to your approval, you are solely responsible to listen through and check the entire DDP file for any glitches, clicks, noises, pops, etc. (It is possible that anomalies can happen during the transfer process) Please report any anomalies to us as soon as possible.

For your convenience, you may burn your own Audio CD with the player, and also export individual audio files.

If everything is ok, you can simply upload the DDP folder to your manufacturing plant.

8What is a DDP file?
DDP (Disc Description Protocol) is a data version of your final master that can be transferred by the mastering studio to the CD pressing plant. By using a DDP image instead of a physical CD, you avoid the the CD writer as a possible source of errors. The DDP image is not a single file, but a folder. All files inside this folder belong to the DDP image and always have to be used in this combination. A typical DDP image folder consists of the following files: CDTEXT.BIN , DDPID, DDPMS, IMAGE.DAT, SD, TS.
9How do I play the DDP file?

A DDP player file (HOFA) is included in your DDP folder that we transfer to you.

There are both Mac and Windows players enclosed. Instructions are enclosed with the file on how to use it. Or you can view tutorials on youtube:

Windows users: https://youtu.be/Olbjen4Yt1Q
Mac OS X users: https://youtu.be/-583ce9X2Pk

Instructions are enclosed here for how to play a DDP file.

10How do I send the DDP file to my duplicator?
When transferring the DDP file you must ZIP the DDP folder first. This ensures that on the target system all files are received with the original subfolder structure. You can use any online server such as dropbox, wetransfer.com, hightail, mediafire,etc.
11What is a PMCD disc?
PMCD (PreMaster CD) is a specially formatted, Compact Disc designed to be sent to a CD pressing plant for replication. The PreMaster CD format contains a hidden "PreMaster Cue Sheet" that holds the metadata needed for replication that a Red Book CD-DA lacks. The PreMaster CD format also contains per track ISRC Codes and per disc UPC/EAN.
12Explain audio file formats?
The most common audio files are wav, aiff, and mp3. Wav and aiff files are generally used in uncompressed, higher resolution formats. Mp3 files are data compressed files that are small enough to send via email, and easily downloadable from websites such as iTunes, Amazon, CDBaby, etc. However, these files are compromised in sound quality to some degree. 44.1k, 48, 88.2, and 96k refer to the sampling rate. The higher the rate, the better the sound quality. 16, 24, and 32 bit refer to the word length of the sample. Again, the higher the bit rate, the better the sound quality. Back in 1982, CDs were introduced using the format: 44.1k, 16 bit. Even though there are better formats available now, it is still used to this day to produce audio CDs.
13What format do I need for iTunes, CDBaby, Tunecore, etc.?
Usually these companies prefer that you send them a 44.1K, 16 bit, wav file. They will perform the conversion to mp3's for their site.
14What is CD Text?
CD Text is the artist name, project title, and song titles that will be embedded into your master. This data will be displayed when playing the product on compatible CD players that feature CD Text, such as newer automobiles, etc.
15Why can’t I see song titles from my disc on my computer?

CD Text data will be displayed when playing the product on compatible CD players that feature CD Text, such as newer automobiles.

Please note: Even though your CD will have CD Text data embedded, it will not be displayed in Windows Media Player, or iTunes.

These applications get their information from the internet. Therefore, you must first register your final product with Gracenote.com (the worldwide CD databank) for these applications to recognize your product. Some CD manufacturers include free Gracenote registration in their packages (Discmakers, etc). You should wait for the final CD from the plant to do this because any changes during production will confuse the timing and database process.

16Gracenote Explanation

It works in a weird, but effective way. Your CD from me, will contain the CD-Text specification which includes track title, artist name and album title info. BUT that can only be read on devices that play back CD Text such as newer automobiles and newer CD players. Computers CAN’T read that data! I know it’s dumb, you would think a computer drive should be able to do that.

You must first register your final CD product with Gracenote.com, which is the worldwide CD databank.

Here’s how a computer/iTunes recognizes a CD. Once you insert the disk (which has been registered with gracenote already by someone) iTunes goes on the internet in the background to Gracenote and “asks” what is this CD? It gets it’s answer by two factors:

  1. How many tracks are on the CD?
  2. What is the exact time length of each track in sequence order?

This info determines the fingerprint of the disk. iTunes then shows the titles, etc that are stored on gracenote. It is a bit weird but works because the mathematical probability associated with the average 10 song CD with a 4 digit time length getting confused with another CD is pretty low. But once you insert a 5 song or less product, then the odds go up that someone else has a CD with the same length songs in the same order as you do.

In this situation, iTunes display a list of possible products that it “could be”. Some duplicators such as Discmakers, include free gracenote registration to their customers.

17What are ISRC codes?

The ISRC (International Standard Recording Code) is a code that can be embedded into your CD, and or individual sound files during mastering. It consists of a unique identifier for each track on a CD, and is used to track sales and license fees.

For a detailed explanation, and purchase ISRC codes, Please visit: www.usisrc.org for information on how they might benefit you for tracking product sales.

Or, check out the ISRC handbook at: http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_resources/isrc.html

If you wish to use ISRC codes, please provide us with your unique ISRC numbers, and we will embed them into each song. Some CD manufacturers include free ISRC codes in their packages. Please check with them if you do not want to apply for and register them yourself. (Discmakers, etc).

18What are UPC codes?

The UPC (Universal Product Code) are the numbers under the bar code that you can find on the package of any product. For automatic identification, this number can also be stored within the CD data. The code tracks sales numbers of the physical CD product.

You can purchase your own UPC codes online, or some CD manufacturers include free UPC codes in their packages. Please check with them if you do not want to apply for and register it yourself. (Discmakers, etc).

Please note: be sure to include UPC barcode information on your artwork, usually displayed on the back of the CD.

19Do you charge extra for revisions?
My policy is to include a reasonable amount of revisions for you without charge in order to get the project done right, and to your satisfaction. But I mention reasonable, because sometimes people go back and make numerous remixes and changes. So, we need to keep that in check and under some control. If it does go over the limit we can work out a nominal up charge. But in my experience, we generally get it right without too many revisions. Ultimately, my goal is make sure you’re happy!
20Is my music safe with you?

Yes, of course! I have no agenda when it comes to other people’s property.

I have been in business for over 30 years, with a highly respected reputation, servicing thousands of clients’ needs with honesty and integrity. Your music is your property, and stays completely private. It will never be shared or played for anyone. However, you should obviously copyright your material.

21Giving Tiki credit on your record

I would be thrilled if you are considering giving me credit on your record. If you do, here is a suggestion:

Mastered by Fred Guarino, at Tiki Mastering Studio, New York.

22A word about loudness

I realize It’s a competitive business and you need your product to cut and stand out. My approach is to get the most out of your record and make it as loud as possible without having to over compress it.

I will use a variety of special tools, and some tricks, to get the best of both worlds: loudness and good sonic character.

I typically try to master around -11 to -13 LUFS (Loudness Unit Full Scale) which should be appropriate for CD manufacture, youtube, downloads, and streaming. If you require a different target LUF level, please specify.

23Final Client Approval

Once I’m done mastering your project, and you are satisfied, I will need your final Approval. You will receive an email approval request that you must send back to me.


  • Jeff Allegue, NY
    Just finished mastering my new guitar album "Silhouette" at Tiki Mastering. Fred is an expert in what I consider to be the crucial final step in any album project. His ears are not only technically tuned in, but musically as well, which is to me the one factor that made me confident and comfortable. Plus he is a gentleman and a real fan of great music. An absolute joy to work with!"
    Jeff Allegue, NY
    Founding member of The Tran-Siberian Orchestra, & touring bassist with Taylor Dayne, multiple gold and platinum awards
Tiki Mastering Studios